What Causes Teeth Sensitivity?

Have you ever felt a sudden jolt of pain shooting through your teeth when drinking or eating something hot or cold? If this sounds familiar, you’re not alone. Tooth sensitivity affects millions of people worldwide, often causing discomfort and inconvenience in daily life. But what exactly causes this sensation, and why do some individuals experience it more intensely than others? This article will delve deeper into the topic of tooth sensitivity. By discussing the underlying causes of this painful condition, we will explain some techniques that you can use to prevent and manage it effectively.

| Tooth Enamel | Role of Dentin in Tooth Sensitivity | Common Causes of Tooth Sensitivity | Less Common Causes of Tooth Sensitivity | Prevention and Treatment | Conclusion | References |

Tooth Enamel

Teeth consist of three primary layers: enamel, dentin, and pulp. Enamel is the first line of defense for teeth. It shields them from external factors such as temperature extremes, acidic foods, and bacterial attacks. Its tough composition is primarily comprised of minerals like calcium and phosphate. It provides strength and resilience. Despite its formidable nature, enamel can be eroded by factors such as acidic foods and beverages. Other factors are aggressive brushing techniques, or teeth grinding. When enamel wears away, it exposes the underlying dentin. Tooth sensitivity can be caused due to this.

Role of Dentin in Tooth Sensitivity

Dentin is a porous tissue that contains microscopic channels called dentin tubules. These tubules connect the surface of the tooth to the nerve endings within the pulp chamber. When dentin is exposed due to enamel erosion, these tubules provide a direct pathway for external stimuli, such as hot, cold, sweet, or acidic substances, to reach the nerves. It results in a sensation of pain or discomfort. The condition of the dentin layer influences the degree of tooth sensitivity.

Common Causes of Tooth Sensitivity

Abrasive Toothpaste and Brushing Habits

Using abrasive toothpaste or aggressive brushing techniques can gradually wear down the protective enamel layer of the teeth. This exposes the sensitive dentin beneath. It makes the teeth more susceptible to discomfort when exposed to hot, cold, sweet, or acidic foods and beverages. It’s important to choose toothpaste with a low abrasiveness. Brush gently to avoid damaging the enamel [1]. 

Gum Recession is what causes teeth sensitivity

Gum recession occurs when the gum tissue surrounding the teeth pulls away. It exposes the roots of the teeth. Since the roots do not have a protective enamel layer like the crowns of the teeth, they are more sensitive to external stimuli. Gum recession can be caused by factors such as periodontal disease, or genetics. When the roots become exposed, they are more prone to sensitivity. They react to temperature changes and certain foods.

Dental Cavities

Dental cavities, or tooth decay, occur when bacteria in the mouth produce acids that dissolve the enamel. It creates holes or cavities in the teeth. These cavities can expose the underlying dentin [2]. Again, the sensitivity to hot, cold, sweet, or acidic substances increases. Cavities are commonly caused by poor oral hygiene, frequent consumption of sugary foods and beverages, and lack of regular dental check-ups. This shows that your diet plays an important role in oral health. Treat cavities to prevent further enamel erosion and reduce sensitivity.

Cracked Teeth

Cracks or fractures in the teeth can expose the dentin layer. Cracks may develop due to trauma, such as a fall or a blow to the face, or from habits like teeth grinding (bruxism) or biting on hard objects. Sensitivity may vary from mild to severe depending on the holes. Treatment for cracked teeth may involve dental bonding, crowns, or root canal therapy to restore tooth function.

Dental Procedures

Certain dental procedures can cause temporary sensitivity. These are teeth whitening, dental cleanings, or the placement of dental restorations like crowns or fillings. This sensitivity usually resolves on its own within a few days to a week as the teeth adjust to the changes. However, in some cases, sensitivity may persist. It happens if the procedure involves a change of the tooth’s nerve. Talk about it to your dentist so they can address any issues and provide appropriate treatment.

Less Common Causes of Tooth Sensitivity

Bruxism (Teeth Grinding)

Teeth grinding, also known as bruxism, involves clenching or grinding the teeth. It often occurs during sleep. This habit can wear down the enamel, and expose the dentin [3]. It will also increase tooth sensitivity. Bruxism can be caused by stress, anxiety, or misaligned teeth. Wearing a night guard can help protect the teeth from further damage and reduce sensitivity.

Acidic Foods and Beverages

Consumption of acidic foods and beverages, such as citrus fruits, soda, or vinegar-based products, can erode the enamel over time. This erosion exposes the dentin to hot, cold, sweet, or acidic substances. Limit the intake of acidic foods and beverages. Rinse the mouth with water after consumption to minimize enamel erosion and reduce sensitivity.

Medical Conditions

Medical conditions, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), eating disorders, or autoimmune diseases, can cause tooth sensitivity. These conditions may affect the acidity levels in the mouth or cause dry mouth. Both of these can lead to enamel erosion and increased sensitivity. Managing the underlying medical condition with the help of a healthcare provider can help with tooth sensitivity.

Prevention and Treatment

Maintain Good Oral Hygiene

1. Brush teeth twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste – use the currently best methods of brushing your teeth.
2. Use a soft-bristled toothbrush and gentle brushing technique.
3. Flossing/interdental brushing daily can remove plaque and debris between teeth.
4. Rinse mouth with fluoride mouthwash for added protection.
5. Use Chewing Gum, Natural Chewing Gum, Dry Mouth Lozenges or Dry Mouth Spray to help keep your mouth fresh and clean.

Regular Dental Check-ups

1. Schedule dental check-ups every six months.
2. Dentists can identify and treat dental issues early.
3. Professional cleanings help remove plaque and tartar buildup.

Desensitizing Treatments

1. Use desensitizing toothpaste containing ingredients like potassium nitrate or fluoride.
2. Apply fluoride gel or varnish to strengthen enamel and reduce sensitivity.
3. Consider in-office treatments such as dental bonding or sealants for severe sensitivity.

Conclusion

Tooth sensitivity can be a bothersome condition. Understanding its causes and taking preventive measures can help manage and alleviate discomfort. After reading this article, you must understand “what causes teeth sensitivity?”. By maintaining good oral hygiene practices, attending regular dental check-ups, and utilizing desensitizing treatments, individuals can protect their teeth. Furthermore, you can also use chewing gum as an oral health practice to maintain healthy teeth. They can enjoy a sensitivity-free smile. Remember, early intervention is important to maintain optimal oral health and overall well-being.

References

1. Prevalence of sensitive teeth and associated factors – https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-020-01216-1
2. Dentin hypersensitivity – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3927677/
3. Prevalence of dentin hypersensitivity and its etiology- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3819160/